ABSTRACT
The nucleus accumbens shell (NAcSh) plays an important role in reward and aversion. Traditionally, NAc dopamine receptor 2-expressing (D2) neurons are assumed to function in aversion. However, this has been challenged by recent reports which attribute positive motivational roles to D2 neurons. Using optogenetics and multiple behavioral tasks, we found that activation of D2 neurons in the dorsomedial NAcSh drives preference and increases the motivation for rewards, whereas activation of ventral NAcSh D2 neurons induces aversion. Stimulation of D2 neurons in the ventromedial NAcSh increases movement speed and stimulation of D2 neurons in the ventrolateral NAcSh decreases movement speed. Combining retrograde tracing and in situ hybridization, we demonstrated that glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons in the ventral pallidum receive inputs differentially from the dorsomedial and ventral NAcSh. All together, these findings shed light on the controversy regarding the function of NAcSh D2 neurons, and provide new insights into understanding the heterogeneity of the NAcSh.
ABSTRACT
This paper was aimed to observe the effect of Yisui Shengxue (YSSX) granules on CD4+ CD25 + regulatory T cells (Treg cells) and its treatment mechanism in aplastic anemia (AA) rats.Male SD rats were selected and randomly divided into different groups according to their weight.In the model group,subcutaneous injection of benzene (1 mL· kg-1)was given every other day for 7 consecutive weeks.Ten days before the rats were sacrificed,intraperitoneal injection of CTX (25 mL · kg-1) was given for 3 consecutive days.On the 4th week,model rats were divided into the model group,stanozolol group,and the YSSX granules group.Intragastric administration of corresponding drug was given.Same volume of normal saline was given to the normal group and the model group.At the end of the experiment,WBC,RBC,HGB and PLT in peripheral blood were detected.Blood smear and bone marrow smear were prepared.The Foxp3 protein expression of Treg cells in spleen tissues was detected by immunohistochemistry (IHC).RT-PCR was used to detect the Foxp3 mRNA expression in bone marrow tissues.The results showed that compared with the normal group,WBC,RBC,HGB and PLT in the model group were significantly reduced (P ＜ 0.01).The blood smear showed poor permeability of blood cells,reduced WBCs,and increased degenerated cells.The bone marrow smear indicated significantly increased fat drops,significantly reduced hematopoietic cells,and increased nonhematopoietic cells.After the treatment of YSSX granules,WBC,RBC,HGB and PLT were significantly increased (P ＜ 0.01).Both the blood smear and bone marrow smear showed cell permeability improvement,cell form returns to normal,fat drops significantly reduced,significantly increased hematopoietic cells,significantly increased Foxp3 protein expression in spleen tissues and Foxp3 mRNA expression in bone marrow tissues (P ＜ 0.01).It was concluded that YSSX granules can upregulate both gene and protein expression of Foxp3,regulate AA immune function in order to improve the AA immune environment,promote the recovery of bone marrow hematopoietic function,which played an important role in AA treatment.
ABSTRACT
This study was aimed to investigate the effect of Bu-Shen Y i-Sui Sheng-Xue (BSYSSX) method on pro-liferation and differentiation mechanisms of hematopoietic progenitor cells. The rat models were established by 60Co-γrays and cyclophosphamide. Compound Chinese medicine was gavaged to rats of the normal control group, model group, stanozolol group, Yi-Sui Sheng-Xue (YSSX) group, Wen-Shen Sheng-Xue(WSSX) group and Zi-Shen Sheng-Xue (ZSSX) group. Then, serum of rat was prepared. Rat bone marrow cells were incubated with AA rats serum ac-counted for 20% and the number of hematopoietic progenitor cells colony-forming units (CFU) were counted. The level of GATA-1 and PU.1 mRNA in colony cells were detected with RT-PCR. The results showed that compared with the normal control group, the number of bone marrow cells, CFU-E, BFU-E, CFU-GM, as well as the expres-sion of GATA-1 and PU.1 mRNA in the model group decreased significantly (P< 0.01). Compared with the model group, the number of bone marrow cells, CFU-E, BFU-E, CFU-GM of each treatment group were significantly in-creased (P< 0.01). CFU-E and BFU-E of the ZSSX group were better than the YSSX group (P < 0.01). CFU-GM of the ZSSX group was better than the YSSX group and the WSSX group. The expression of GATA-1 and PU.1 mR-NA in each treatment group were significantly higher than the model group (P< 0.01). The expression of GATA-1 mRNA in the ZSSX group was better than the YSSZ group and WSSX group (P< 0.05). The expression of PU.1 mR-NA in the ZSSX group was higher than the YSSX group and WSSX group. It was concluded that BSYSSX method may increase the expression of GATA-1 and PU.1 mRNA in order to promote the proliferation and differentiation of bone marrow hematopoietic progenitor cells. The ZSSX method was better than the YSSX method and WSSX method.